Signs of a Gardner Transition in a Granular Glass
نویسنده
چکیده
T he glass transition, in which materials become so viscous that they cannot flow even on extremely long time scales, has baffled scientists for over one hundred years. Experiments have shown that the viscosity can increase in atomic and polymeric liquids by more than 15 orders of magnitude—think of going from the viscosity of water to that of asphalt—over a narrow range of decreasing temperature without a significant increase in crystalline order. In addition to occurring in simple liquids, the glass transition has also been observed in colloids [1], metals [2], and biological systems such as the cytoplasm of cells [3] and tissues [4]. Some of the most basic questions concerning the glass transition remain open. For example, is there a true phase transition at a nonzero temperature to an “ideal glass” characterized by infinite viscosity, or do glassy materials simply become more and more sluggish as the temperature decreases to zero? Without answers to these questions, it is extremely difficult to predict the structural, mechanical, and rheological properties of glasses. The lack of a theoretical framework for glasses has impeded their widespread use in industry.
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